All samples were studied by RB and RB-positive samples also by ELISA. Antibodies to Brucella were studied in serum samples using two tests: Rose Bengal (RB) rapid slide agglutination test (Pourquier® Rose Bengale Ag, IDEXX, France) and multi-species indirect ELISA test (sensitivity and specificity near 100%) (ID Screen® Brucellosis, IDVet, France). The cutoff value was calculated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The PrioCHECK®HEV ab porcine ELISA test (91.0% sensitivity and 94.0% specificity) (Prionics AG, Zurich, Switzerland) was used for detecting HEV antibodies. Samples with an S/P ratio < 0.3 were considered negative. For the Yersinia test, the sensitivity and specificity were both near 100% according to the manufacturer. gondii and 98.9% and 95.4% for Trichinella. According to the manufacturer, the sensitivity and specificity of the tests were 98.5% and 99.8% for Salmonella, 98.9% and 92.7% for T. gondii and Trichinella in serum samples using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Pigtype® test kits (Qiagen, Leipzig, Germany). We studied antibodies to Salmonella, Yersinia, T. We additionally report the monitoring results for brucellosis, AFS, CSF and AD. monocytogenes were studied by PCR and culturing from the visceral organs. ![]() Furthermore, Salmonella, ail-positive Yersinia spp., Campylobacter spp., STEC and L. gondii, Trichinella and HEV, which are all important meat-borne pathogens associated with domestic and wild pig populations. The purpose of this work was to study the prevalence of antibodies to Salmonella, pathogenic Yersinia spp., T. Wild boars may also act as reservoirs for many important livestock infectious diseases such as African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF) and Aujeszky’s disease (AD) (Meier et al. A possible link of foodborne zoonoses between wild boars, domestic animals and humans has raised increasing interest among researchers (Bonardi et al. Wild boar meat is also recognized as an important source of Trichinella and T. These pathogens are all transmittable to humans through contaminated food. Furthermore, stx-positive Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes have been detected in wild boar samples (Dias et al. pseudotuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Europe (Anheyer-Behmenburg et al. Wild boars carry Brucella suis, Salmonella, Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. Wild boars can be infected with several pathogens that are transmittable to other wildlife, domestic animals and humans (Fredriksson-Ahomaa 2019). Wild boars cause extensive agricultural damages and traffic accidents, but they are also a risk to human and animal health (Fredriksson-Ahomaa 2019). They will also continue to expand due to their high adaptability and high reproductive potential. A warming climate with milder winters and scarce snow is enabling the species to spread northwards and become more numerous (Markov et al. Highest wild boar numbers have been reported in southeastern Finland near the Russian border, where approximately 25% of wild boars live (Natural Resources Institute Finland). In Finland, the wild boar population has increased drastically during the past years with large regional differences in the population densities. 2020) and the most important hunting species in the world (Massei et al. They are also very intensively hunted in Europe (Vajas et al. Wild boars ( Sus scrofa), also known as wild pigs or feral pigs in the USA, have strongly expanded their range in northern Europe during the last decade (von Essen 2019). Our study shows that wild boars are important reservoirs of foodborne pathogens. No African swine fever, classical swine fever or Aujeszky’s disease were detected in the wild boars. Brucella suis biovar 2 was isolated from visceral organs. monocytogenes 2a and 4b were identified by culturing from the PCR-positive samples. Listeria monocytogenes (48%) and stx-positive Escherichia coli (33%) determinants were frequently detected in the visceral organs (spleen and kidneys) by PCR. ![]() gondii antibodies were detected significantly more often in adults than in young individuals. We recorded no differences in the seroprevalence between males and females. Trichinella antibodies were detected in 1% of the animals. Antibodies to hepatitis E virus, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella were found in 18%, 9% and 9% of the wild boars, respectively. Seroprevalence of Salmonella (38%) and Yersinia (56%) infections was high in wild boars. In this study, we investigated the presence of important foodborne pathogens in wild boars hunted in 2016 in Finland using serology, PCR and culturing. Wild boars may be infected with several human and animal pathogens. Highest wild boar numbers in Finland have been reported in the southeastern part near the Russian border. The northern European wild boar population has increased during the last decade.
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